Approaches and Implications of using Complexity Theory for dealing with Social Systems

There exist an increasing awareness within the scientific community for the need
to deal with the complex dimension of social systems. This paper examines three
approaches to incorporate complexity theory into the practice of social sciences. The first
approach consists of supplementing the modernist program with chaos theory. The
second one proposes a metaphoric application of complexity theory to describe social
systems. The third approach is based on Post-Normal Science. Both the first and the
second try to fit complexity theory into the paradigms used up to now in social sciences.
Although this exercise can provide some interesting methods for understanding of social
systems, it is argued that a fundamental change in the way Western society conceives
science is necessary. Complexity analysis (or synthesis) should not only consist of adding
more or different syntactical rules to the mathematical formal systems used to model the
causal relations perceived in the outside world. Rather, it should imply a generalization of
the scientific formalisms in order to include semantic relations, subjectivity, and context
dependency. Even more, this generalization should go as far as to include into the
umbrella of science a plurality of systems of knowledge in order to better understand the
multidimensionality of social systems. The legitimation of a broader spectrum of formal
systems of representation and communication of reality, will affect profoundly the
collective and individual way in which Western societies perceive the world, and the very
evolution of human beings as species.

Double coupling: modeling subjectivity and asymmetric organization in social-ecological systems.

Social-ecological organization is a multidimensional phenomenon that combines material and symbolic processes. However, the coupling between social and ecological subsystem is often conceptualized as purely material, thus reducing the symbolic dimension to its behavioral and actionable expressions. In this paper I conceptualize social-ecological systems as doubly coupled. On the one hand, material expressions of socio-cultural processes affect and are affected by ecological dynamics. On the other hand, coupled social-ecological material dynamics are concurrently coupled with subjective dynamics via coding, decoding, personal experience, and human agency. This second coupling operates across two organizationally heterogeneous dimensions: material and symbolic. Although resilience thinking builds on the recognition of organizational asymmetry between living and nonliving systems, it has overlooked the equivalent asymmetry between ecological and socio-cultural subsystems. Three guiding concepts are proposed to formalize double coupling. The first one, social-ecological asymmetry, expands on past seminal work on ecological self-organization to incorporate reflexivity and subjectivity in social-ecological modeling. Organizational asymmetry is based in the distinction between social rules, which are symbolically produced and changed through human agents’ reflexivity and purpose, and biophysical rules, which are determined by functional relations between ecological components. The second guiding concept, conscious power, brings to the fore human agents’ distinctive capacity to produce our own subjective identity and the consequences of this capacity for social-ecological organization. The third concept, congruence between subjective and objective dynamics, redefines sustainability as contingent on congruent relations between material and symbolic processes. Social-ecological theories and analyses based on these three guiding concepts would support the integration of curren

FONA-Forum 2024: Ein ko-kreativer Ansatz für Transformation

Das vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderte FONA-Forum 2024 hat mit einem neuen Format experimentiert: Es lud die Teilnehmenden ein, aktiv mitzuwirken, und schuf einen ko-kreativen Raum für lösungsorientierte Diskussionen. In das Experiment sind Prinzipien und Erfahrungen aus der Gestaltung transformativer Räume und aus Dialogprozessen der inter- und transdisziplinären Forschung eingeflossen.

Karpman Drama Triangle

The Karpman Drama Triangle (developed by Stephen Karpman in the late 1960s) describes a dysfunctional relational pattern in which individuals unconsciously adopt one of three roles: Victim, Persecutor, or Rescuer. These roles reinforce cycles of blame, powerlessness and conflict in personal and organizational settings. The model highlights how reactive behavioral strategies—often rooted in early survival patterns—sustain drama dynamics. Transformative approaches such as The Empowerment Dynamic (TED) propose shifting from these roles toward more empowered positions (Creator, Challenger, Coach), fostering responsibility, resilience and healthier relationships.

On the Difficulties People Have in Dealing With Complexity

In On the Difficulties People Have in Dealing with Complexity (1980), Dietrich Dörner shows through computer-simulated experiments (e.g., the “Lohhausen” city model) that individuals systematically struggle with complex systems. Typical patterns include linear instead of systemic thinking, failure to understand exponential dynamics, reduced self-reflection under stress, oversimplified “reductive” explanations, and increased risk-taking. The study highlights how cognitive overload and loss of control can lead to poor decision-making and even socially destructive outcomes.

On the Logic of Failure: Thinking, Planning and Decision Making in Uncertainity and Complexity.

Unlike other living creatures, humans can adapt to uncertainty. They can form hypotheses about situations marked by uncertainty and can anticipate their actions by planning. They can expect the unexpected and take precautions against it. In numerous experiments, we have investigated the manner in which humans deal with these demands. In these experiments, we used computer simulated scenarios representing, for example, a small town, ecological or economic systems or political systems such as a Third World country. Within these computer-simulated scenarios, the subjects had to look for information, plan actions, form hypotheses, etc.

The Patterns of Aliveness Theory.

This chapter argues that approaches to navigating complex world making and transformative change for sustainability are more effective when they are anchored in a profound understanding of life processes. The chapter takes the concept of systems aliveness as a quality element of a pattern approach one step further. It advances 13 propositions regarding essential features of life enhancement in systems that can also inform a better understanding of enlivening human co-creation. The propositions lay the basis for the Patterns of Aliveness Theory, which shows how six essential organizing principles allow life to emerge, thrive, and re-create itself in natural as well as social systems. The chapter suggests that these principles must be taken into account in the practice of leading collectively and shows how they become the foundation of a conceptual architecture for stewarding sustainability transformations.

The new concepts of power? Power-over, power-to and power-with.

The distinction between the notions of power-over, power-to and power-with is gaining prominence in contemporary literature on power. In this article, recent contributions to the study of power will be presented and assessed to provide an overview of the evolving meanings of power-to, power-over and power-with. In particular, we will show that the distinction between power-over, power-to and power-with is no longer interpreted as a dispute about the real meaning of a same concept of power; rather, the three expressions appear to have crystallized and institutionalized themselves into three different, freestanding, concepts.

The systems view of life: A unifying vision.

Over the past thirty years, a new systemic conception of life has emerged at the forefront of science. New emphasis has been given to complexity, networks, and patterns of organisation, leading to a novel kind of ‘systemic’ thinking. This volume integrates the ideas, models, and theories underlying the systems view of life into a single coherent framework. Taking a broad sweep through history and across scientific disciplines, the authors examine the appearance of key concepts such as autopoiesis, dissipative structures, social networks, and a systemic understanding of evolution. The implications of the systems view of life for health care, management, and our global ecological and economic crises are also discussed. Written primarily for undergraduates, it is also essential reading for graduate students and researchers interested in understanding the new systemic conception of life and its implications for a broad range of professions – from economics and politics to medicine, psychology and law.

Hospicing modernity: Facing humanity’s wrongs and the implications for social activism

This is not strictly an academic book, but an educational experiment full of dancing stories, metaphors, allegories, creative maps, and exercises that ask you to sit at the limits of our modern desires and imagination. Half-serious warning: don’t read it if you are seeking clear-cut answers, easy solutions or self-validation. Two sample chapters are available here. ISBN: 9781623176242 “Beyond a mere critique of modernity, this is a book written for us as people who struggle with the everyday manifestations of modern power. Clear, creative, and cogent, the work offers cutting-edge philosophy at the same time that it furnishes usable guidance for how to cope with the coming perils of colonialism and capitalism. It’s a book for the future, yet written to meet us where we are at right now as individuals living with trauma and facing ethical dilemmas about what it means to take meaningful actions under conditions of complexity.” — KYLE WHYTE, PhD, George Willis Pack Professor of Environment and Sustainability at the University of Michigan “Asking the question ‘What if racism, colonialism, and all other forms of toxic and contagious divisions are preventable social diseases?’, Hospicing Modernity invites its reader to dare and educate themselves by undergoing a process of self-unmaking. Drawing on and moving beyond traditions of radical pedagogy, such as those inspired by Paulo Freire, the author has created a powerful tool for uncovering, undoing, and recovering from the deadly ways in which modernity also lives and dies as humans experience it subjectively.” — DENISE FERREIRA DA SILVA, PhD, professor at the University of British Columbia Social Justice Institute and author of Toward a Global Idea of Race and Unpayable Debt

At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity

We live in a world of stunning biological complexity. Molecules of all varieties join in a metabolic dance to make cells. Cells interact with cells to form organisms; organisms interact with organisms to form ecosystems, economies, societies. Where did this grand architecture come from? For more than a century, the only theory that science has offered to explain how this order arose is natural selection. As Darwin taught us, the order of the biological world evolves as natural selection sifts among random mutations for the rare, useful forms. In this view of the history of life, organisms are cobbled-together contraptions wrought by selection, the silent and opportunistic tinkerer. Science has left us as unaccountably improbable accidents against the cold, immense backdrop of space and time. Thirty years of research have convinced me that this dominant view of biology is incomplete. As I will argue in this book, natural selection is important, but it has not labored alone to craft the fine architectures of the biosphere, from cell to organism to ecosystem. Another source-self-organization-is the root source of order. The order of the biological world, I have come to believe, is not merely tinkered, but arises naturally and spontaneously because of these principles of selforganization-laws of complexity that we are just beginning to uncover and understand. The past three centuries of science have been predominantly reductionist, attempting to break complex systems into simple parts, and those parts, in turn, into simpler parts. The reductionist program has been spectacularly successful, and will continue to be so. But it has often left a vacuum: How do we use the information gleaned about the parts to build up a theory of the whole? The deep difficulty here lies in the fact that the complex whole may exhibit properties that are not readily explained by understanding the parts. The complex whole, in a completely nonmystical sense, can often exhibit collective properti

Daring to Do Scientific Conferences Differently

In this blog, Thomas Bruhn reflects on the limitations of conventional scientific conferences and explores how alternative, highly interactive formats can foster deeper exchange, collaboration, and collective creativity. Drawing on his experience designing and co-creating the reimagined FONA Forum with the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, he illustrates how conferences can move beyond information consumption toward genuine participation and community-building. The article invites researchers and organisers to experiment with bold, participatory formats that better support inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration in addressing complex societal challenges.

On Warriors and Heroes – Group Dynamics at the UN Climate Conferences

This blog analyses the role of psychosocial group dynamics in negotiations at UN Climate Conferences, based on participant observation at COP28 and interviews with negotiators. It examines how formal and informal negotiation settings shape communication, emotional dynamics, and power relations, using the metaphor of “warriors and heroes” to describe defensive and cooperative negotiation styles. The authors argue that the quality of negotiation outcomes is closely linked to the quality of interaction and call for improved facilitation, group-dynamic competence, and relationship-building formats to support more inclusive, trust-based, and effective climate negotiations—particularly for less-resourced delegations.

Safe Spaces in Unsafe Environments – Facilitating Dialogue and Reflection at the UN Climate Conference

This blog presents insights from designing and facilitating spaces for dialogue and reflection at UN Climate Conferences. Drawing on experiences from the Co-Creative Reflection and Dialogue Spaces (CCRDS) hosted at COPs, the authors show how relationship-building, embodied practices, and reflexive facilitation can foster trust, mutual learning, and constructive exchange across diverse stakeholder groups. The article offers practical lessons on transdisciplinary process knowledge and highlights the importance of relational and facilitative approaches for collaboration in politically contested and high-pressure settings.

COP28 in Dubai: Greenwashing or Genuine Ambitions?

This blog reflects on the tensions and contradictions experienced at COP28 in Dubai, asking whether the conference marked a genuine turning point in climate ambition or largely reproduced patterns of greenwashing. Drawing on participant observation, the authors examine the contrast between official commitments to climate action and the host country’s resource-intensive development model, as well as the ambivalent messages conveyed through the conference’s imagery and discourse. The article situates the COP28 agreement within broader debates on fossil fuel phase-out, innovation, and planetary boundaries, and argues for transparent, evidence-based approaches to assess the credibility of climate commitments and rebuild trust in global climate governance.

Organizational Transformation in the European Commission

This blog explores organizational transformation within the European Commission, focusing on emerging participatory leadership practices and new approaches to collaboration in political administration. Drawing on an exchange between the TranS-Mind research group and the European Commission’s Centre for Organisational Transformation, the authors reflect on how rigid administrative structures can be reshaped to better address complex sustainability challenges. The article highlights the role of dialogue, co-creation, and capacity building in fostering healthier, more resilient, and adaptive work environments within large public institutions.

Fear and trust in UN climate policy at UNFCCC COP27

This blog explores the role of fear and trust as inner dimensions shaping communication, agency, and collaboration in UN climate policy, using COP27 as a case study. Drawing on research and practical experience from the Co-Creative Reflection and Dialogue Spaces (CCRDS), the authors examine how political spaces can be designed to consciously address emotions, values, and worldviews that are usually sidelined in formal negotiations. The article argues that engaging with fear and trust through reflective and dialogic formats can strengthen collective agency, improve the culture of communication at UN Climate Conferences, and support more transformative approaches to climate governance.

Confronting fears – Strengthening trust

This blog introduces the Co-Creative Reflection and Dialogue Space (CCRDS) at UN Climate Conferences as an experimental format to address fear, mistrust, and emotional overload in climate negotiations. Drawing on experiences from COP24–COP26 and preparing for COP27, the authors reflect on how consciously designed spaces for dialogue, reflection, and co-creation can strengthen trust, agency, and collaboration among diverse stakeholders. The article highlights the importance of engaging inner dimensions such as emotions, values, and mindsets to improve the culture of communication and support more transformative approaches to global climate action.

Mindfulness as a Pathway to Greater Climate-Sensitivity

This blog explores mindfulness as an inner pathway toward greater climate sensitivity and more sustainable lifestyles. Critically engaging with technological and efficiency-focused approaches to climate mitigation, the article argues that sustainability also requires a cultural shift toward sufficiency and value-based living. Drawing on insights from neuroscience, psychology, and sustainability research, it shows how mindfulness practices can enhance self-awareness, reduce consumerist patterns, and help close the gap between environmental knowledge and everyday behaviour, thereby supporting deeper societal transformation in line with climate goals.

On the culture of untapped potential

This blog offers a critical reflection on the communication and working culture at UNFCCC COP23, based on participant observation in the Bonn Zone. The author describes a prevailing atmosphere of consumption, superficial networking, and one-way knowledge transfer that, in his view, leaves much of the conference’s collective potential untapped. At the same time, the article points to emerging alternatives—such as dialogic and participatory formats like the Talanoa Space—and argues for a fundamental shift toward more reflective, interactive, and co-creative modes of engagement to better address the challenges of climate change.

Mental Dispositions and Sustainability: An Interview with Gerald Hüther

This blog presents an interview with neuroscientist Gerald Hüther on the role of mental dispositions in fostering sustainability. Drawing on insights from neurobiology, Hüther links patterns of resource consumption to the quality of human relationships and argues that sustainability transformations depend less on changing behaviour directly than on enabling experiences that shape values, coherence, and well-being. The article highlights how cultivating supportive social environments and inner capacities can reduce surrogate needs, lower resource use, and contribute to a culture of cooperation and co-creation aligned with long-term sustainability goals.

The Dependence of Sustainability on the Degree of Fear and Aspiration: Q&A with David Mitchell

This blog presents a Q&A with atmospheric chemist and Vedic scholar David Mitchell, exploring how fear and aspiration shape human behaviour and influence pathways toward sustainability. Drawing on concepts from the Vedic tradition, the interview discusses how inner states of consciousness, spiritual practices, and the cultivation of aspiration can reduce fear-driven consumption and support more sustainable lifestyles. The article contributes to debates on sustainability transformation by linking inner development, awareness, and fulfilment to reduced resource use and long-term societal change.

Relational Leadership as a Leverage Point: a Transdisciplinary Collaboration for Climate-Related Transformation in Business

This blog explores relationship-oriented leadership as a powerful lever for climate-related transformation in business. Using the Head of Climate Base Camp as a case study, it illustrates how transdisciplinary collaboration, trust-building, and reflective dialogue can enable leaders to activate individual, organisational, and systemic leverage points for sustainability transitions, bridging research and practice.

The Inner Development Goals as an Innovative Approach to Sustainable Development: Con-ceptualization, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Experiential University Seminar for Ho-listic Sustainability Education.

We contribute to the literature on inner-outer transformation by developing, implementing, and evaluating an innovative experiential seminar for university students, which systematically covers all five IDG dimensions and touches on all 23 elements. It combines short conceptual inputs with a diversity of practical tools for experiencing and training the IDGs. The seminar targets an interdisciplinary mix of Master-level study programs, with students from many different nationalities. To tangibly illustrate connections between IDGs and SDGs and link to real-life sustainable behavior of students, the cocoa-chocolate value chain was used as a guiding example. Key themes covered were core values, character strengths, mindfulness, emotions, perspective taking, visioning, and changing habits. Among the key take-home messages that students indicated they would like to preserve, the most prominent ones are related to self-awareness and inner compass, followed by complexity awareness, perspective taking, appreciation, and optimism.